What you were expecting to happen, and what actually happened:
I defeated a room, and before I could pick my next room, the game kicked me back to the GEMS intro screen. When I got back into the game I couldn’t pick up where I left off. I closed the game and came back in with the issue remaining. Only option is to leave Delve, lose my progress and daily attempt.
How often does this happen? When did it begin happening?
First time I have seen this
Not if it counted the first room as loss. I’ve happened to lose in the first room and then leaving delve is the only available option, no reward given.
Looks like this is your case - the game had some sort of crash and registered your win as loss with the respective consequences.
EDIT. See, you have no chest level. Chest levels are another thing that shows after winning a room thus having none strongly suggests that the game considers you lost the first room and your delve attempt has failed. Unfortunate and annoying but that sort of thing happen once in a while.
So the game just restarted? Were there any error messages or anything else weird before that?
Does your Xbox have plenty of free memory?
Is it possible your internet connection dropped briefly at all?
I’d try the troubleshooting steps here to try prevent any further crashes:
No error messages, game just flipped back to main menu. I have plenty of storage and I am hard wired. I was streaming video as I was playing and although there is a buffer, I had no disruptions to video.